有否独立主格结构的相关资料

请看下面的例句：

In front of the house was a tall tree, its top well above the tops of the other trees. （高一册，第296页）

He lay on his back, his teeth set, his right hand clenched on his breast and his glaring eyes looking straight upward. （高二册，第38页）

在上面的句子中，我们遇到了一种特殊的语法结构；独立主格结构。这种结构教材中没有专门论述，《大纲》也未将它们列为考查项目。但是，这种结构并不少见，高中教材中也出现了好几次。因此，简单介绍一下它的形式和功能对于同学们准确理解文意还是很有益处的。

1． 独立主格结构的形式

独立主格结构可分为两部分，一部分是名词或代词（主格），起着逻辑主语的作用；另一部分由形容词、分词、介词短语等构成，表示前面名词或代词的状态，状况或动作。例如：

1) 名词/代词+形容词

The men moved slowly forward, neck deep in the water, with their officers guiding them. （高三册，第12课）

It stood silent in the noon sunlight, its door open.

2） 名词/代词+现在分词

Winter coming, it gets colder and colder. 冬天来了，天气越来越冷了。

The rain having stopped, he went out for a walk. 雨停了，他出去散步。

The question being settled, we wound up the meeting. 问题解决之后，我们结束了会议。

3） 名词/代词+过去分词

“Marquis,” said the boy, turning to the man, his eyes opened wide, and his right hand raised. （高二册，第54页）

4） 名词/代词（主格）+不定式

We shall assemble at ten forty-five, the procession to start moving at precisely eleven. 我们十点四十五分集合，队伍十一点准时出发。

Here are the first two volumes, the third one to come out next month. 这是前两卷，第三卷将于下月问世。

We divided the work, he to clean the windows and I to sweep the floor. 我们进行了分工，他擦窗户，我扫地。

The two boys said good-bye to each other, one to go home, the other to go to his friend’s. 两个男孩彼此道了别，一个回了家，另一个去了他朋友家。

5） 名词/代词+介词短语

I followed him here, climbed in, sword in hand. （高二册，第55页）

The huntsman entered the forest, gun in hand. 那位猎人手里提着枪走进了树林。

He sat at the table, coat off, head down, and pen in hand.

6） 名词/代词+副词

Nobody in, the thief took a lot of things away.

Lunch over, he left the house. But he was thinking. （高三册，第171页）

7） 名词/代词+名词

he fought the wolf, a stick his only weapon. 他和狼搏斗着，唯一的武器是一根棍棒。

2． 独立主格结构的功能

独立主格结构主要用于描绘性文字中，其作用相当于一个状语从句，常用来表示时间、原因、条件、行为方式或伴随情况等。例如：

1) 表示时间

The meeting being over, all of us went home. 开完会后我们都回家了。

Her work done, she sat down for a cup of tea. 她干完了活，坐下来喝茶。

2） 表示条件

The condition being favourable, he may succeed. 若条件有利，他或许能成功。

3） 表示原因

There being no taxis, we had to walk. 没有出租车，我们只好步行。

He wrapped her up with great care, the night being dark and frosty. 夜又黑又冷，所以他把她裹得严严实实的。

4） 表示伴随情况

Almost all metals are good conductors, silver being the best of all. 几乎所有的金属都是良导体，而银则是最好的导体。(=Almost all metals are good conductors, and silver is the best of all.)

3． 形式选择中应该注意的问题

1) 现在分词还是过去分词？

现在分词与过去分词的性质完全不同，但在独立结构中，有时却有共同之处：现在分词的被动式有时可以简化为过去分词。例如：

As her shirt was caught on a nail, she could not move.

→Her shirt being caught on a nail, she could not move.

→Her shirt caught on a nail, she could not move.

After his work had been finished, he went home.

→His work having been finished, he went home.

→His work finished, he went home.

2） 分词结构还是独立结构？

上面的例子告诉我们，独立结构常常可以看作是由主从复合句中的从句变来的。但是，如果从句和主句的主语相同，则不可改为独立结构。例如：

Since he was very tired with his walk, he soon fell asleep and forgot his troubles.

不可改为：

He being very tired with his walk, he…

但可改为：

Being very tired with his work, he…